Peer Reviewed Journal. Abstract: Images require substantial storage and. Image. compression using wavelet transforms results in. Wavelet. transformation is the technique that provides. Antonini, M. Mathieu, and. I. Daubechies, . 2. April 1. 99. 2. Watanabe and S.

Express Helpline- Get answer of your question fast from real experts. Interactive Whiteboards and Web Tools. Interactive whiteboards are more than just glorified overhead projectors - the interactive tools allow teachers to create.

Singhal. Processing, vol.

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The Influence of New and Emerging Theories on Teaching Practices. Don Prickel, Ph. D.

The emerging theories of constructivism, social. Each of us possesses an individual.

Draper, 1. 99. 4). Many of these teaching. Are not the past theories of learning sufficient. Do not teachers feel overwhelmed.

Does not keeping abreast of new and emerging. The unanimous. response to such questions should be an emphatic .

As Brookfield points out, . Like it or not, we are all theorists. Our practice is informed by our implicit and informal. Past learning theories, such as the theory. Skinner's operant conditioning principles, dominant. During the late 1. Piaget's (1. 96. 3, 1.

Bruner's. theory of cognitive growth and systematic instruction (1. Gagne's conditions of learning (1. Weiner's attribution. These combined efforts have provided an adequate explanation. While the cognitive revolution arrived in schools. Even today, we continue. Brown, 1. 99. 4; Resnick and Resnick, 1.

Shifts in Theoretical Frameworks:    Fortunately, though, a dramatic change. Focus. on the characteristics of the learner, both children and adults, is creating. Brown, 1. 99. 4; Bredo, 1. Brookfield. 1. 99. The emphasis has shifted from teacher- directed activities to a focus. Learners are viewed as active constructors.

Phillips, 1. 99. 5; Prawatt &. Floden, 1. 99. 4; Cobb, 1. In addition, there are other important forces. Upgrading of basic skill competencies and the knowledge. Rose, 1. 99. 5). The continued influx of adults. Many adults are returning to schools.

Beder, 1. 99. 1; Houle, 1. Johnstone & Rivera, 1. This. new influx of adults into the educational system is having a significant. While earlier and more traditional theories.

Adams & Hamm, 1. Beder, 1. 99. 1; Merriam, 1. Likewise, the increase. It is with dignity and. In educational circles. Adams &. Hamm, 1.

This will require educators to strive to be current with insights. These. more recent theories can not be categorized into the more traditional approaches. Rather, these new and emerging. These new and emerging theories are explained below. Figure 1 (attachedto. Such shifts in thinking can be categorized.

Detailed explanations of each theory and some application. Constructivism:    One of the new and emerging theories. Gredler, 1. 99. 7). The notion that knowledge and understanding. Bredo, 1. 99. 4; Bruning, Schraw, & Ronning, 1.

Greeno. 1. 98. 9). The emergence of constructivism as a theory was a reaction to the. Bredo, 1. 99. 4; Gredler, 1. One of the basic. Geary, 1. 99. 5). The teacher's role. Confrey, 1. 98. 5.

Piaget, 1. 97. 3; Prawat & Floden, 1. The focus here is on the learning of specific. The teacher's role is to create. Two important tenets to constructing knowledge are. They resemble some of the principles. Brookfield (1. 98. In this form, knowledge is actively.

Wood, Cobb, and Yackel, 1. Lastly, transactional constructivism. Bredo, 1. 99. 4), posits that knowledge. Certain processes occur, for example, in. The essential element is that. Lave & Wenger, 1.

Such construction of knowledge. In the process, students can examine. Teachers. using constructivist approaches tend to challenge students with classroom.

Brown, 1. 99. 4) in areas of. Teachers also tend to present. Gardner's multiple intelligence, so that the student's. Closely related to a constructivist. The constructivist. Social Learning Theories:    Social learning theories posit that. Schunk, 1. 99. 6).

The social learning. Self- efficacy refers to one's perceived beliefs and judgments. Bandura, 1. 97. 7a, 1. According. to Bandura (1.

Change. is dependent on one's perceived belief about their ability to exercise. Evaluations of one's performances, resulting in consequences. Successful consequences tend. Schunk. adequate, and exceptional performances are the result of social and cognitive.

Setting challenging and attainable goals by. Schunk, 1. 98. 5; Hom. Murphy, 1. 98. 5). The most. effective way of developing a strong sense of self- efficacy is through. Bandura, 1. 98. 8).

Learning. is best accomplished when the steps are small, paced, and successfully. Observational learning through modeling expands. Simply. observing a model, be it a teacher or peer, does not guarantee learning. Observing similar. Schunk, 1. 98. 5; Bandura, 1. Thus. it is essential that learners with lower levels of self- efficacy in specific. Giving verbal and social praises and.

Bandura (1. 98. 8). Rather, he suggests assigning tasks that bring. To ensure progress in personal development, success can.

Bandura, 1. 98. 8). Competition in grades and tasks has little place in social- cognitive. One of his main contributions to cognitive and social. He considers the social. With the integration of a person's cognitive. The social environment influences cognition through its .

Words are the key to knowing oneself (Vygotsky, 1. Stated. in another way, .

While. evidence seems to indicate that Vygotsky's claim that all learning is dependent. Geary, 1. 99. 5) may be too strong, research does support that.

Schunk, 1. 99. 6). The ZPD. defines the distance between a student's current level of learning and. Brown, 1. 99. 4). In the ZPD, the teacher and learner work together.

This process captures the idea of collaborative and mentoring. Bruner, 1. 98. 4; Daloz. A major application involves.

Bruning, et. al., 1. This. is a process in which the teacher determines and controls the number of. This. term is analogous to scaffolding used in construction projects and contains.

Schunk, 1. 99. 6). It involves an interactive learning process.

As the process continues, the students begin to take turns being. Another example of the application of reciprocal teaching. In their research, reciprocal. Up to six students form a group, taking turns being the leader.

Group members cooperate in bringing to consensus. Peers. begin to collaborate and assist others who may not be capable of full participation. The ideas of Habermas and his critical theory have provided many. Habermas, 1. 97. 2; 1. According to Habermas.

Within society, each person engages in communicative. Habermas calls this form of learning .

The importance of language and the level of. This type of knowledge seeks to achieve emancipation. In Habermas'. view (1.

Through critical reflection and thinking. Human beings. learn through an integration of different types of knowledge. When knowledge. acquired through combinations of both scientific and experiential means. Merriam,1. 99. 3). In practical. terms, a social- critical approach to learning purports to empower learners. The role of the student in learning.

This level of empowerment is similar to Bandura's theory. The continued sophistication of our society, the global and international. Communication and critical thinking.

Taba (1. 96. 2), consensus building exercises, and problem- solving. Cooperative. learning, while not a theory, has provided a number of effective teaching. Such research. and experiences have transformed the classrooms into meaningful, student- centered. Adobe Reader Print Settings Registry Of Deeds.

Burton, 1. 98. 7. Cohen, 1. 98. 4), and the effect of collaboration on student achievement and.

Bandura, 1. 98. 6; Zimmerman, 1. Slavin, 1. 98. 9). The focus of teaching.

The classroom functions as a . Studies show that. Babad, 1. 99. 0).

As researchers, they divide up units of study. They share responsibility for learning and. Kagan, 1. 99. 0; Brown, 1. To assure diversity levels among students and their functioning. This is a cooperative. Students evaluate themselves individually. Members who represent each level on the continuum form.

This process is called . Students study an issue across several perspectives. Such teams with differing perspectives proceed in developing. Kagan, 1. 99. 0. Johnson & Johnson, 1. While transformational processes have been studied by psychologists.

Transformational learning is a new and evolving. Freire. Daloz, and Mezirow. Transformational theorists share the humanistic vision. Merriam. 1. 99. 3). Mezirow's concept of transformational.

Merriam, 1. 99. 3). Individuals with more functional frames. Mezirow, 1. 99. 1).